Booting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the feature of the Quarterdeck memory manager, see Quickboot (QEMM). This article is about bootstrapping operating systems. For the general concept, see Bootstrapping. In computing, booting (or booting up) is the initialization of a computerized system. The system can be a computer or a computer appliance. The booting process can be . Soft booting can be initiated by hardware such as a button press, or by software command. Booting is complete when the normal, operative, runtime environment is attained. A boot loader is a computer program that loads an operating system or some other system software for the computer after completion of the power- on self- tests; it is the loader for the operating system itself. Within the hard reboot process, it runs after completion of the self- tests, then loads and runs the software. A boot loader is loaded into main memory from persistent memory, such as a hard disk drive or, in some older computers, from a medium such as punched cards, punched tape, or magnetic tape. The boot loader then loads and executes the processes that finalize the boot. Like POST processes, the boot loader code comes from a . GRUB 2 is now available via ftp. You can download releases from the ftp site ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub. All the development is done through a Git repository. Dual boot with Windows. Intel Atom System-on-Chip Tablets. The process of hibernating or sleeping does not involve booting. Minimally, some embedded systems do not require a noticeable boot sequence to begin functioning and when turned on may simply run operational programs that are stored in ROM. All computing systems are state machines, and a reboot may be the only method to return to a designated zero- state from an unintended, locked state. Boot is short for bootstrap. The invention of read- only memory (ROM) of various types solved this paradox by allowing computers to be shipped with a start up program that could not be erased. Growth in the capacity of ROM has allowed ever more elaborate start up procedures to be implemented. History. These methods reach from simple, physical input to removable media that can hold more complex programs. Pre integrated- circuit- ROM examples. An early computer, ENIAC, had no . Bootstrapping did not apply to ENIAC, whose hardware configuration was ready for solving problems as soon as power was applied. In 1. 96. 0, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System Display Information Processor (DIP) in Colorado Springs.
The program was stored as a bit image on a continuously running magnetic drum, and loaded in a fraction of a second. Core memory was probably cleared manually via the maintenance console, and startup from when power was fully up was very fast, only a few seconds. In its general design, the DIP compared roughly with a DECPDP- 8. Thus, it was not the kind of single- button- pressure bootstrap that came later, nor a read- only memory (ROM) in strict terms, since the magnetic drum involved could be written to. First commercial computers. They typically included instructions that performed a complete input or output operation. The same hardware logic could be used to load the contents of a punch card (the most typical ones) or other input media, such as a magnetic drum or magnetic tape, that contained a bootstrap program by pressing a single button. This booting concept was called a variety of names for IBM computers of the 1. IBM used the term . The left 1. 8- bit half- word was then executed as an instruction, which usually read additional words into memory. Program load selector switch is lower left; Program load switch is lower right. Other IBM computers of that era had similar features. For example, the IBM 1. The 8. 0 characters stored in the punched card were read into memory locations 0. This instruction was always the same: move the information in these first 8. Once this information was moved to the assembly area, the machine would branch to an instruction in location 0. Another example was the IBM 6. Thus setting the switches to 7. PP) 0 and initiated the load sequence. PP 0 loaded the necessary code into its own memory and then initialized the other PPs. The GE 6. 45 (c. Instead, after the system is reset it reads and executes opcodes sequentially from a tape drive mounted on the front panel; this sets up a boot loader in RAM which is then executed. However, since this makes few assumptions about the system it can equally well be used to load diagnostic (Maintenance Test Routine) tapes which display an intelligible code on the front panel even in cases of gross CPU failure. IBM System/3. 60 and successors. For example, on the System/3. This means that the GRUB bootloader is actually flashed, as part of the boot firmware., using the bootloader (GRUB) that is in the flash chip. GNU GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader) is a free and open source project that provides users with an easy-to-install-and-configure boot loader software for. Model 1. 58, the keyboard sequence 0- 7- X (zero, seven and X, in that order) results in an IPL from the device address which was keyed into the input area. Amdahl 4. 70. V/6 and related CPUs supported four hexadecimal digits on those CPUs which had the optional second channel unit installed, for a total of 3. Later, IBM would also support more than 1. The IPL function in the System/3. Amdahl's, reads 2. The second and third groups of eight bytes are treated as Channel Command Words (CCWs) to continue loading the startup program (the first CCW is always simulated by the CPU and consists of a Read IPL command, 0. When the I/O channel commands are complete, the first group of eight bytes is then loaded into the processor's Program Status Word (PSW) and the startup program begins execution at the location designated by that PSW. For disk controllers, the 0. Seek cylinder and head command, 0. Search ID Equal command, 3. Read IPL command. The disk, tape or card deck must contain a special program to load the actual operating system or standalone utility into main storage, and for this specific purpose . This saved cost but made booting more complicated than pressing a single button. Minicomputers typically had some way to toggle in short programs by manipulating an array of switches on the front panel. Since the early minicomputers used magnetic core memory, which did not lose its information when power was off, these bootstrap loaders would remain in place unless they were erased. Erasure sometimes happened accidentally when a program bug caused a loop that overwrote all of memory. Other minicomputers with such simple form of booting include Hewlett- Packard's HP 2. Data General Nova (1. DEC's PDP- 1. 1 (1. DEC later added an optional diode matrix read- only memory for the PDP- 1. It consisted of a printed circuit card, the M7. Unibus and held a 3. With all 5. 12 diodes in place, the memory contained all . DEC also sold versions of the card, the BM7. Yx series, pre- programmed for many standard input devices by simply omitting the unneeded diodes. The Data General Supernova used front panel switches to cause the computer to automatically load instructions into memory from a device specified by the front panel's data switches, and then jump to loaded code; the Nova 8. Pseudocode for the boot loader might be as simple as the following eight instructions: Set the P register to 9. Check paper tape reader ready. If not ready, jump to 2. Read a byte from paper tape reader to accumulator. Store accumulator to address in P register. If end of tape, jump to 9. Increment the P register. Jump to 2. A related example is based on a loader for a Nicolet Instrument Corporation minicomputer of the 1. Teletype Model 3. ASR teleprinter. The bytes of its second- stage loader are read from paper tape in reverse order. Set the P register to 1. Check paper tape reader ready. If not ready, jump to 2. Read a byte from paper tape reader to accumulator. Store accumulator to address in P register. Decrement the P register. Jump to 2. The length of the second stage loader is such that the final byte overwrites location 7. After the instruction in location 6 executes, location 7 starts the second stage loader executing. The second stage loader then waits for the much longer tape containing the operating system to be placed in the tape reader. The difference between the boot loader and second stage loader is the addition of checking code to trap paper tape read errors, a frequent occurrence with relatively low- cost, . The front panels of these machines carried toggle switches, one switch per bit of the computer memory word. Simple additions to the hardware permitted one memory location at a time to be loaded from those switches to store bootstrap code. Meanwhile, the CPU was kept from attempting to execute memory content. Once correctly loaded, the CPU was enabled to execute the bootstrapping code. This process was tedious and had to be error- free. These allowed firmware boot programs to be shipped installed on the computer. The introduction of an (external) ROM was in an Italian telephone switching elaborator, called . Although the ROM device was not natively embedded in the computer of Gruppi Speciali, due to the design of the machine, it also allowed the single- button ROM booting in machines not designed for that (therefore, this . Storing the state of the machine after the switch- off was also in place, which was another critical feature in the telephone switching contest. A system built using that microprocessor will have the permanent ROM occupying these special locations so that the system always begins operating without operator assistance. For example, Intel x. FFFF: 0. 00. 0. According to Apple's ad announcing it . Because so little of the disk operating system relied on ROM, the hardware was also extremely flexible and supported a wide range of customized disk copy protection mechanisms. This is the opposite extreme of the scenario using switches mentioned above; it is highly inflexible but relatively error- proof and foolproof as long as all hardware is working normally. A common solution in such situations is to design a boot loader that works as a program belonging to the standard OS that hijacks the system and loads the alternative OS. This technique was used by Apple for its A/UX Unix implementation and copied by various freeware operating systems and Be. OS Personal Edition 5. Some machines, like the Atari STmicrocomputer, were .
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A chord's notes are often played simultaneously, but they can be played sequentially in an arpeggio. The implementation of guitar chords depends on the guitar. This wait happens when a session wants to access a database block in the buffer cache but it cannot as the buffer is . The two main cases where this can occur are: Another session is reading the block into the buffer (and the session is waiting for that read to complete)Another session holds the buffer in an incompatible mode to our request (that is, some other session is changing the buffer). Wait Time: Normal wait time is 1 second. If the session was waiting for a buffer during the last wait, then the next wait will be 3 seconds. Load Program Status Word (LPSW) is a privileged instruction that loads the Program Status Word (PSW), including the program mode, protection key, and the address of the next instruction to be executed. LPSW is most often used to 'return' from an interruption. This is likely to be an issue with using 'Selection', as the active selection may not actually be what you expect it to be (either due to what your code does/doesnt do, or what a user is doing while your program is running). I would strongly recommend changing the. 2.1.8 Save Data (EEPROM) File This command is available only for splitted Program/Data devices. The buffer is splitted in two different part for these devices: the first part for program memory and the second part for data memory. This command save the content. Parameter. Descriptionfile#This is the file number of the data file that contains the block that Oracle needs to wait for. To find the name of this file enter: select *. This is the block number of the block that Oracle needs to wait for. The block number is relative to the start of the file.
To find the object that this block belongs to enter: select name, kind. Each place in the kernel points to different reason. The p. 3 values are known as reason codes and they are dependent on the version of Oracle. The following table explains the most common Buffer Busy Waits ID's and Meanings. Reason Code (Id)Reason< =8. A block is being read 1. We want to NEW the block but the block is currently being read by another session (most likely for undo). We want to NEW the block but someone else has is using the current copy so we have to wait for them to finish. Trying to get a buffer in CR/CRX mode , but a modification has started on the buffer that has not yet been completed. A modification is happening on a SCUR or XCUR buffer, but has not yet completed 1. CR/CRX scan found the CURRENT block, but a modification has started on the buffer that has not yet been completed. Block is being read by another session and no other suitable block image was found e. CR version, so we wait until the read is completed. This may also occur after a buffer cache assumed deadlock. The kernel can't get a buffer in a certain amount of time and assumes a deadlock. Therefore it will read the CR version of the block. This should not have a negative impact on performance, and basically replaces a read from disk with a wait for another process to read it from disk, as the block needs to be read one way or another. We want the CURRENT block either shared or exclusive but the Block is being read into cache by another session, so we have to wait until their read() is completed. We want to get the block in current mode but someone else is currently reading it into the cache. Wait for them to complete the read. This occurs during buffer lookup. The session wants the block in SCUR or XCUR mode. If this is a buffer exchange or the session is in discrete TX mode, the session waits for the first time and the second time escalates the block as a deadlock and so does not show up as waiting very long. In this case the statistic: . During buffer lookup for a CURRENT copy of a buffer we have found the buffer but someone holds it in an incompatible mode so we have to wait. Finding Blockers: Finding the blocking process can be quite difficult as the information required is not externalized. If P3 parameter value (which is reason code) shows that the . If the wait is due to the buffer being held in an incompatible mode then it should be freed very soon. If not then it is advisable to contact Oracle Support and get 3 SYSTEMSTATE dumps at one minute intervals as the blocking session may be spinning. This information is derived from the view V$WAITSTAT which can be queried in isolation: SELECT time, count, class. FROM V$WAITSTAT. ORDER BY time,count. This shows the class of block with the most waits at the BOTTOM of the list. Oracle Support may also request that the following query be run to show where the block is held from when a wait occurs: SELECT kcbwhdes, why. Rows are accessed by a full table scan. Check the number of FULL tablescanskdsgrp. Get Row Piece. Typically row pieces are fected only in case of chained and Migrated Rows. Row chaining has to be analyed and fixed. Index Range Scankdifxs. Fetching the next or previous row in the index scankdifbk. Fetches the single index row matching the agreement keyktugct. Block cleanout. Additional information regarding which files contain the blocks being waited for can be obtained from the internal view X$KCBFWAIT: SELECT count, file#, name. FROM x$kcbfwait, v$datafile. WHERE indx + 1 = file#. ORDER BY count. ; This shows the file(s) with the most waits (at the BOTTOM of the list). By combining the above information we know what block type(s) in which file(s) are causing waits. The segments in each file can be seen using a query such as: SELECT distinct owner, segment. After a period of time sort the results to see which file & blocks are showing contention: SELECT p. If a particular block or range of blocks keeps showing waits you can try to isolate the object. Reducing Waits / Wait times: As buffer busy waits are due to contention for particular blocks then you cannot take any action until you know which blocks are being competed for and why. Eliminating the cause of the contention is the best option. Check for repeatedly scanned / unselective indexes. Change PCTFREE and/or PCTUSED. Check for 'right- hand- indexes' (indexes that get inserted into at the same point by many processes). Reduce the number of rows per block. Use FREELIST GROUPs (even in single instance this can make a difference). Freelist blocks. Add more FREELISTS. In case of Parallel Server make sure that each instance has its own FREELIST GROUP(s). IBM System/3. 60 architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The IBM System/3. S/3. 60 line of computers. The elements of the architecture are documented in the IBM System/3. Principles of Operation. Various instructions operate on larger units called halfword (2 bytes), fullword (4 bytes), doubleword (8 bytes), quad word (1. Within a halfword, fullword, doubleword or quadword, low numbered bytes are more significant than high numbered bytes; this is sometimes referred to as big- endian. Many uses for these units require aligning them on the corresponding boundaries. Within this article the unqualified term word refers to a fullword. The architecture of System/3. Model 6. 7 extended the architecture and allowed 2. That means that instructions do not contain complete addresses, but rather specify a base register and a positive offset from the addresses in the base registers. In the case of System/3. In some instructions, for example shifts, the same computations are performed for 3. Data formats. Character and integer instructions are mandatory, but decimal and floating point instructions are part of the Decimal arithmetic and Floating- point arithmetic features. Characters are stored as 8- bit bytes. Integers are stored as two's complement binary halfword or fullword values. Packed decimal numbers are stored as 1- 1. Sign values of hexadecimal A, C, E and F are positive and sign values of hexadecimal B and D are negative. Digit values of hexadecimal A- F and sign values of 0- 9 are invalid, but the PACK and UNPK instructions do not test for validity. Zoned decimal numbers are stored as 1- 1. The zone of the rightmost byte is interpreted as a sign. Floating point numbers are only stored as fullword or doubleword values on older models. For all three formats, bit 0 is a sign and bits 0- 7 are a characteristic (exponent, biased by 6. Bits 8- 3. 1 (8- 6. For extended precision, the low order doubleword has its own sign and characteristic, which are ignored on input and generated on output. Instruction formats. Instructions have one of the following formats: RR (two bytes). Generally byte 1 specifies two 4- bit register numbers, but in some cases, e. SVC, byte 1 is a single 8- bit immediate field. RS (four bytes). Byte 1 specifies two register numbers; bytes 2- 3 specify a base and displacement. RX (four bytes). Byte 1 bits 0- 3 specifies either a register number or a modifier; byte 1 bits 4- 7 specifies the number of the general register to be used as an index; bytes 2- 3 specify a base and displacement. SI (four bytes). Byte 1 specifies an immediate field; bytes 2- 3 specify a base and displacement. SS (six bytes). Byte 1 specifies two 4- bit length fields or one 8- bit length field; bytes 2- 3 and 4- 5 each specify a base and displacement. The encoding of the length fields is length- 1. Instructions must be on a two- byte boundary in memory; hence the low- order bit of the instruction address is always 0. Program Status Word (PSW). LPSW is most often used to . Other privileged instructions (e. SSM, STNSM, STOSM, SPKA, etcetera) are available for manipulating subsets of the PSW without causing an interruption or loading a PSW; and one non- privileged instruction (SPM) is available for manipulating the program mask. Interruption system. There are two storage fields assigned to each class of interruption on the S/3. PSW double- word and a new PSW double- word. The processor stores the PSW, with an interruption code inserted, into the old PSW location and then loads the PSW from the new PSW location. This generally replaces the instruction address, thereby effecting a branch, and (optionally) sets and/or resets other fields within the PSW, thereby effecting a mode change. The S/3. 60 architecture defines a priority to each interruption class, but it is only relevant when two interruptions occur simultaneously; an interruption routine can be interrupted by any other enabled interruption, including another occurrence of the initial interruption. For this reason, it is normal practice to specify all of the mask bits, with the exception of machine- check mask bit, as 0 for the . The system stores the device address into the interruption code and stores channel status into the CSW at location 6. X). Program interruption. The Interruption code may be any of. An operation exception. Po. Ops(p. 79) is recognized when a program attempts to execute an instruction with an opcode that the computer does not implement. In particular, an operation exception is recognized when a program is written for an optional feature, e. A privileged operation exception. Po. Ops(p. 79) is recognized when a program attempts to execute a privileged instruction when the problem state bit in the PSW is 1. An execute exception. Po. Ops(p. 79) is recognized when the operand of an EXECUTE instruction is another EXECUTE instruction. A protection exception. Po. Ops(p. 79) is recognized when a program attempts to store into a location whose storage protect key does not match. This normally occurs with an address beyond the capacity of the machine, but it may also occur on machines that allow blocks of storage to be taken offline. A specification exception. Po. Ops(p. 80) is recognized when an instruction has a length or register field with values not permitted by the operation, or when it has an operand address that does not satisfy the alignment requirements of the opcode, e. LH instruction with an odd operand address on a machine without the byte alignment feature. A data exception. Po. Ops(p. 80) is recognized when a decimal instruction specifies invalid operands, e. A fixed- point overflow exception. Po. Ops(p. 80) is recognized when significant bits are lost in a fixed point arithmetic or shift instruction, other than divide. A fixed- point divide exception. Po. Ops(p. 80) is recognized when significant bits are lost in a fixed point divide or Convert to Binary instruction. A decimal overflow exception. Po. Ops(p. 80) is recognized when significant digits are lost in a decimal arithmetic instruction, other than divide. A decimal divide exception. Po. Ops(p. 80) is recognized when significant bits are lost in a decimal divide instruction. The destination is not altered. An exponent overflow exception. Po. Ops(p. 80) is recognized when the characteristic in a floating- point arithmetic operation exceeds 1. An exponent underflow exception. Po. Ops(p. 80) is recognized when the characteristic in a floating- point arithmetic operation is negative and the fraction is not zero. A significance exception. Po. Ops(p. 80) is recognized when the fraction in a floating- point add or subtract operation is zero. A floating- point divide exception. Po. Ops(p. 80. 1) is recognized when the fraction in the divisor of a floating- point divide operation is zero. Supervisor Call interruption. Bits 1. 6- 2. 4 of the External Old PSW are set to 0 and one or more of bits 2. Interruption codes for External interruptions. PSW bit. Type of external interruption. Timer. 25. Interrupt key. External signal 2. Malfunction alert on 3. The most important class of conditions causing a Machine Check is a hardware error such as a parity error found in registers or storage, but some models may use it to report less serious conditions. Both the interruption code and the data stored in the scanout area at '8. Input/Output. It does not discuss the channel cable or connectors, but there is a summary elsewhere and details can be found in the IBM literature. Channels have their own instruction set, and access memory independently of the program running on the CPU. On the smaller models (through 3. CPU program and the channel program. On the larger models the channels are in separate cabinets and have their own interfaces to memory. A channel may contain multiple subchannels, each containing the status of an individual channel program. A subchannel associated with multiple devices that cannot concurrently have channel programs is referred to as shared; a subchannel representing a single device is referred to as unshared. There are three types of channels on the S/3. A byte multiplexer channel is capable of executing multiple CCWs concurrently; it is normally used to attach slow device such as card readers and telecommunications lines. A byte multiplexer channel could have a number of selector subchannels, each with only a single subchannel, which behave like low- speed selector channels. A selector channel has only a single subchannel, and hence is only capable of executing one channel command at a time. It is normally used to attach fast devices that are not capable of exploiting a block multiplexer channel to suspend the connection, such as magnetic tape drives. A block multiplexer channel is capable of concurrently running multiple channel programs, but only one at a time can be active. The control unit can request suspension at the end of a channel command and can later request resumption. This is intended for devices in which there is a mechanical delay after completion of data transfer, e. DASD. The block multiplexer channel was a late addition to the System/3. The block multiplexer channel was an optional feature only on the models 8. The block multiplexor channel was also available on the later System/3. Conceptually peripheral equipment is attached to a S/3. However, the architecture does not require that control units be physically distinct, and in practice they are sometimes integrated with the devices that they control. Similarly, the architecture does not require the channels to be physically distinct from the processor, and the smaller S/3. Peripheral devices are addressed with 1. The high 8 bits identify a channel, numbered from 0 to 6. A device may have multiple cuu addresses. Control units are assigned an address . For example, a CU might be assigned range 2. F or 4. 0- 7. F. The purpose of this is to assist with the connection and prioritization of multiple control units to a channel. For example, a channel might have three disk control units at 2. F, 5. 0- 5. F, and 8. The best freeware virtual PDF printer: a comparison. PDF Virtual printers are a convenient way of creating PDF files. These programs can save any kind of printable document as a PDF file; all you need to do is to select . We have tested 1. These (in alphabetic order) are: Bullzip PDF Printer, do. PDF, Doro PDF Writer, PDF Printer (Pdf. Svg), PDF re. Direct, PDF2. Creator, PDFCreator, Perfect PDF 7 Master, Print. PDF Free and qv. PDF. The virtual printers that we tried but decided to exclude from the comparison were Bolt PDF Printer, Cute. PDF Writer, Image. Printer, pdf. 99. PDFlite and Primo PDF, mainly because they were inferior by functionality, configurability, or ease of use. Primo PDF and Cute. PDF) were removed from the list for privacy considerations as they contain adware/spyware components. PDF (Portable Document Format) was once an Adobe proprietary format but was. Everybody can create PDF files and there are hundreds of programs available capable of doing that. PDF Converter is a online web-based document to PDF converter software. Convert and create PDF from various types of files like Word DOC, Excel XLS, PowerPoint PPT.Many document editors can save PDF, and there are programs that convert documents like Microsoft Office DOC, DOCX, XLS etc to PDF, as well as a number of online converters are available to do this job. However, virtual PDF printers have emerged as one of the most reliable (and common) solutions for creating PDF documents. This post aims to evaluate the various freeware options out there and identify the best. Pdf995 is a printer driver that works with any Postscript to PDF converter. The pdf995 printer driver and a free Converter are available for easy download. Free: Fully functional. Print To Email, free print to email freeware software downloads. PDF Print Pro is a free pdf converter / pdf writer / pdf printer that allows you to write / convert to PDF or print to pdf. PDFCreator 2016-05-16 15:51:28.929000 free download. PDFCreator Converts every printable document to PDF, JPG, PNG, TIF and more. Free PDF Printer - Create PDF documents from Windows applications. Supports Citrix, Terminal Server, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, Windows 7, Vista, 2008R2, 2008, 2003, and 2000. Works with 32 and 64 bit systems. CutePDF Writer; Custom PDF Writer; CutePDF Form Filler. CutePDF Writer is the free version of commercial PDF converter software. CutePDF Writer installs itself as a 'printer subsystem'. Download free Adobe Acrobat Reader DC software for your Windows, Mac OS and Android devices to view, print, and comment on PDF documents. Smallpdf - the platform that makes it super easy to convert and edit all your PDF files. Solving all your PDF problems in one place - and yes, free. PDF printers can differ in functionality; however, we have identified some of the essential features as follows: The user interface: varied greatly, from no user interface at all to complex interfaces cluttered with configuration options. We came to the conclusion that a good interface needs to be as simple as possible for inexperienced users while offering some flexibility. Quality settings: ability to create lightweight files for web upload or big files for high quality printout; Watermarking and stamping: add Your identification watermark or stamp like . Configuration sets can be saved. Score for interface: 5/5. The interface: Simple interface with nova. PDF ads and minimal settings. Printer Preferences (right) let to change DPI settings. Score for interface: 3/5. The interface: Very simple and intuitive interface. Score for interface: 5/5. The interface: Simplistic interface with preview. Score for interface: 5/5. The interface: Main page too complex (cluttered) for beginners. Preferences (right) have sufficient number of configuration options. Score for interface: 4/5. The interface: Balanced interface with enough basic options. Configurable Options are a bit cluttered. Score for interface: 5/5. The interface: Simple and essential main interface. Settings are available under . On the right screenshot the fully expanded interface with quality options is shown. Score for interface: 5/5 *** Editor. The configuration module (right) is accessible through Start Menu. Additional configuration is available through Printer preferences/Advanced (some in German). Score for interface: 3/5. Essential functions and settings. Here is evaluated the list of functions and settings that are mostly common to virtual PDF printers: Name. Quality settings configurable. Print aggregations (append to existing file)Watermarking; stamping. Encryption; password protection. Bullzip PDF Printer. Yes: screen; printer; ebook; prepress. Yes. Watermarking. Yesdo. PDFYes: Small size; High Quality Images. DPI settings can be set manually via Printer Properties- -- Doro PDF Writer- -- Yes; master/limited access. PDF Printer (PDFSVG)- -Watermarking: No- PDF re. Direct. Yes: High; very good; good; low. Yes. Watermarking: No. Yes. PDF2. 4 Creator. Yes: low/medium/good/best. No (Editor included allows to merge existing PDF- s)Watermarking: No. Yes. PDFCreator. Yes: screen; printer; ebook; pre- press; custom. Yes. Watermarking (needs corresponding script)Yes. Perfect PDF 7 Master- -- Yes. Print. 2PDF Free. Yes: High quality print; Smallest file size; manual settings. Yes. Watermarking and stamping. Yesqv. PDFYes. From printer preferences/Advanced. Yes; append; prepend. Watermarking and stamping; from PDF file. Yes. Other interesting functions. Here is evaluated the list of functions that are a bit less common to virtual PDF printers: Name. Output file formats. Digital signature. Other features. Bullzip PDF Printer. PDF (PDF/A); PS; EPS; BMP; JPEG; PCX; PNG; TIFFNo. Append background or foreground layer to the printout. Append if output file exist. Open destination folder after completiondo. PDFPDF only. No. Doro PDF Writer. PDF only. No. PDF Printer (PDFSVG)PDF only. No. Preview of output. PDF re. Direct. PDF only. No. Output preview. Options to change viewer's behavior: Windowed/Fullscreen; Hide toolbars etc. Rotate Output. PDF2. Creator. PDF (PDF/A; PDF/X); PS/EPS; PCL; PNG; JPEG; BMP; PCX; TIFF; PSD Yes. Email PDF. Merge and split; extract pages in PDF2. Editor. Support for PDF/A; PDF/X. PDFCreator. PDF; PNG; JPG; TIFF; BMP; PCX; PS; EPSYes. Autosave – save all PDFs to a certain folder with increasing file name. Send e- mail. Perfect PDF 7 Master. PDF only. No. Options to determine viewer's behavior: Windowed/Fullscreen; Hide toolbars etc. Print. 2PDF Free. PDF (PDF/A; PDF/X)Yes. Presets: Confidential/High quality print/Smallest file size/Standard. Add timestamp to PDF. Add file attachment to PDF. Send e- mail by integrated SMTP client. Rotate; web view etc. PDF PDF only. At last here is the information about licencing and some technical details like 6. Windows support and Ghost. Script requirements. Almost half of the main interface is under Nova. PDF ad. Yes. No. Doro PDF Writer. Free for personal and commercial use. Yes. Yes? Insufficient information. Yes; installs its own GSPDF Printer (PDFSVG)Free for personal and commercial use. Yes. Not sure; insufficient documentation. Yes; included in the installer. PDF re. Direct. Free for personal and commercial use. Yes. Yes. Yes; included in the installer. PDF2. 4 Creator. Free for personal and commercial use. Yes. Yes. Yes; included in the installer. PDFCreator. Free for personal and commercial use. Yes. The installer includes Pdfforge Toolbar; but this is optional. Yes. Yes; included in the installer. Perfect PDF 7 Master. Free for personal use. Contact the authors for commercial use. Yes. Yes. No. Print. PDF Free. Free for personal and commercial use. Yes. Yes. Noqv. PDFFree for personal and commercial use. Yes. Yes. Yes; included in the installer. Putting it all together – here are the overall scores for the evaluated virtual PDF printers: Name. Strengths. Weaknesses. Rating. Bullzip PDF Printer. Excellent functionality. Interface a bit dull . Interface contains ads. Doro PDF Writer. Simple and intuitive interface. Mediocre functionality. PDF Printer (PDFSVG)Simple interface with preview. No configurable options at all. Help is not working; no FAQ; forum or additional info. PDF re. Direct. Good functionality. The main interface is a bit cluttered; some options could be hidden. PDF2. 4 Creator. Powerful functions; easy interface- 5/5 *** Editor's choice! Needs to unpack several files to a folder before setup. Needs restart after installation. Print. 2PDF Free. Excellent interface and functionality. Excellent help and support. Maybe missing JPEG/TIFF image file output? PDFGood functionality. Development is shutting down. Configuration is cluttered. There are several excellent virtual PDF printers that offer good functionality and have a balanced interface . Four PDF printers got 5/5 and choosing between them was a bit difficult. University of Phoenix- San Diego Campus RN- ADN or RN- BSN Accredited Nursing Programs. Campus: University of Phoenix- San Diego Campus,San Diego,CAType: Private For- Profit. Institution Accreditation: Enrollment: 5,3. Net Price: $1. 9,0. Graduation Rate: 1. Loan Default Rate: 1. Median Borrowing: $1. Median Payment: $1. Programs at National University are concentrated for adult learners and on-campus classes are scheduled during evenings and. Admission offices and Learning Centers are located on many U.S. The purpose of the San Diego City College Nursing program is to provide an educational opportunity for qualified individuals interested in a career in nursing. The San Diego City College Nursing Education Program is fully accredited by the California Board of & by. The San Diego Campus of University of Phoenix offers courses leading to bachelor's and master's degrees through flexible schedules that meet the needs of working students in. Hahn School of Nursing. Offers baccalaureate and graduate programs and a variety of certificates. Includes description of programs, requirements, and financial information. Learn about the nursing staff that helps make UC San Diego one of the greatest health care providers in the nation. New Grad Programs Nurses Week 2016 Award Winners 2016 Award Nominees Scholarship Recipients Photos from Previous Years Benefits. Doctor of Nursing Practice Program Courses SJSU Links and Resources Information for Alumni Current Students Donors Faculty & Staff Future Students Researchers Colleges Applied Sciences & Arts Business Education. USU’s Graduate nursing Program Accredited by CCNE USU Partners with Pacific State Medical University in Russia Why USU? We’ve kept tuition and class size low while growing our commitments to diversity and community. The Grossmont College Nursing Program spring 2017 application period will require the new 6th edition TEAS exam in order to apply. The spring 2017 application period is for entry into the fall 2017 semester. Only the first 6th edition TEAS exam will be accepted. School of Nursing Undergraduate Programs MSN CNS School of Theology and Christian Ministry Undergraduate Programs Master of Ministry College of Arts and Humanities. Programs: Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse. Award Levels: Bachelor. Program Accreditation: Offered as: Campus, Online. School Resources: School Site. |
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